h source Specifies the file or files to be copied.
/A Indicates an ASCII text file.
v /B Indicates a binary file.
destination Specifies the directory and/or filename for the new file(s).
A /V Verifies that new files are written correctly.
To append files, specify a single file for destination, but multiple files
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CTTY device
device The terminal device you want to use, such as COM1.
-Displays or sets the date.
DATE [date]
Type DATE without parameters to display the current date setting and
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dDeletes one or more files.
DEL [drive:][path]filename [/P]
ERASE [drive:][path]filename [/P]
[drive:][path]filename Specifies the file(s) to delete. Specify multiple
files by using wildcards.
O /P Prompts for confirmation before deleting each file.
Displays a list of files and subdirectories in a directory.
DIR [drive:][path][filename] [/P] [/W] [/A[[:]attributes]]
[/O[[:]sortorder]] [/S] [/B] [/L]
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Specifies drive, directory, and/or files to list.
a /P Pauses after each screenful of information.
/W Uses wide list format.
z /A Displays files with specified attributes.
attributes D Directories R Read-only files
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/O List by files in sorted order.
sortorder N By name (alphabetic) S By size (smallest first)
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/L Uses lowercase.
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>Quits the COMMAND.COM program (command interpreter).
=Creates a directory.
MKDIR [drive:]path
MD [drive:]path
]Displays or sets a search path for executable files.
PATH [[drive:]path[;...]]
PATH ;
kType PATH ; to clear all search-path settings and direct MS-DOS to search
only in the current directory.
;Type PATH without parameters to display the current path.
7Changes the MS-DOS command prompt.
PROMPT [text]
| text Specifies a new command prompt.
Prompt can be made up of normal characters and the following special codes:
/ $Q = (equal sign)
$$ $ (dollar sign)
* $T Current time
$D Current date
= $P Current drive and path
$V MS-DOS version number
4 $N Current drive
$G > (greater-than sign)
, $L < (less-than sign)
$B | (pipe)
y $H Backspace (erases previous character)
$E Escape code (ASCII code 27)
$_ Carriage return and linefeed
LType PROMPT without parameters to reset the prompt to the default setting.
GRemoves (deletes) a directory.
RMDIR [drive:]path
RD [drive:]path
Renames a file or files.
SRENAME [drive:][path]filename1 filename2
REN [drive:][path]filename1 filename2
MNote that you cannot specify a new drive or path for your destination file.
WDisplays, sets, or removes MS-DOS environment variables.
SET [variable=[string]]
variable Specifies the environment-variable name.
string Specifies a series of characters to assign to the variable.
KType SET without parameters to display the current environment variables.
4Displays or sets the system time.
TIME [time]
Type TIME with no parameters to display the current time setting and a prompt
for a new one. Press ENTER to keep the same time.
FDisplays the contents of a text file.
TYPE [drive:][path]filename
%Displays the MS-DOS version.
Tells MS-DOS whether to verify that your files are written correctly to a
disk.
VERIFY [ON | OFF]
Type VERIFY without a parameter to display the current VERIFY setting.
RDisplays the disk volume label and serial number, if they exist.
VOL [drive:]
[Calls one batch program from another.
CALL [drive:][path]filename [batch-parameters]
r batch-parameters Specifies any command-line information required by the
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LRecords comments (remarks) in a batch file or CONFIG.SYS.
REM [comment]
kSuspends processing of a batch program and displays the message "Press any
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PAUSE
MDisplays messages, or turns command-echoing on or off.
ECHO [ON | OFF]
W ECHO [message]
Type ECHO without parameters to display the current echo setting.
GDirects MS-DOS to a labelled line in a batch program.
GOTO label
label Specifies a text string used in the batch program as a label.
You type a label on a line by itself, beginning with a colon.
JChanges the position of replaceable parameters in a batch file.
SHIFT
ZPerforms conditional processing in batch programs.
IF [NOT] ERRORLEVEL number command
FIF [NOT] string1==string2 command
IF [NOT] EXIST filename command
} NOT Specifies that MS-DOS should carry out the command only
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ERRORLEVEL number Specifies a true condition if the last program run returned
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g EXIST filename Specifies a true condition if the specified filename
exists.
wRuns a specified command for each file in a set of files.
FOR %variable IN (set) DO command [command-parameters]
} %variable Specifies a replaceable parameter.
(set) Specifies a set of one or more files. Wildcards may be used.
V command Specifies the command to carry out for each file.
command-parameters
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Reserved command name
/Loads a program into the upper memory area.
XLOADHIGH [drive:][path]filename [parameters]
LH [drive:][path]filename [parameters]
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File not found
Path not found
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Extended Error %1
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PATH=PROMPT=COMSPEC=DIRCMD=
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.COM.EXE.BAT?VBAPWRHSvDANEDSG
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C:\TOOLBOOK\HOUSE2T.PAL$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$MS DOS Version 5.00 (C)Copyright 1981-1991 Microsoft Corp Licensed Material - Property of Microsoft All rights reserved
A fatal error has occurred at: line %d. Please restart Windows and try again. Do not save other books before quitting. A fatal error is usually an isolated incident and will not reoccur.
Orson Fowler popularized the concept of the octagon house in 1848. The benefit of this plan, which need not be eight-sided, was the variety of room plans that could be achieved in a single building envelope. The designer could better take advantage of natural lighting and the easy circulation possible with a central stair-case below a cupola at the peak of the roof.
It was perhaps the first instance in which a house type, offering a freely developed floor plan, achieved a certain widespread popularity.
The more well-to-do could afford a tower on the front, which usually contained the entrance. For those with a more restricted budget, a cupola was built on the peak of a hipped roof. Cupolas had no practical purpose -- they merely served as an ex-pression of the picturesque ideal. The most eco-nomical versions of these houses had neither tower nor cupola, and perhaps only segmental arched windows instead of the full round arch.
Click on Audio to hear some of the romantic ideas of Alexander Jackson Downing.lexander Jackson Downing........
Italianate (1850-1880))80))1860)a
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Audio
Historic Styles
Early Victorian Period (1790-1850)
Also known as Second Empire, the Mansard Style originated in France, and first appeared in America in Boston during the late 1840s. Although early examples owed much to the influence of
prevalent styles in the France of Napoleon III, the only important distinction between this style and Italianate was the mansard roof.
The mansard roof originated in France as a
tax dodge. A French property owner was taxed based on the number of floors in his building. By building a two part roof with almost vertical sur-faces surmounted by a hip, an additional full story was created where the attic should have been. In America this was not an issue, and the roof was employed for purely stylistic reasons. It proved especially popular in New England, and was referred to at the time as a French roof.
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Historic Styles
Mansard (1850-1880))1880)80))60)
Early Victorian Period (1790-1850)
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define board and batten siding?
Historic Styles
Italianate Style (1850-1880))60)-
The Italianate style house itself is a full two stories with a simplified roof configuration, such
as a hip, rather than multiple gables and dormers characteristic of the Gothic style. Larger houses became more affordable because of advances
in woodworking technology made it possible for larger houses to be more affordable, provided one did not clutter the roof with numerous Gothic dormers and gables.
The ornamentation on an Italianate style house was derived from the Italian Renaissance, and thus was cla
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Chatauesque (1885-1905))1905))))))))880))
Late Victorian Period (1880-1900)
Other Picturesque Motifs (1875-1895)
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Ornamentation usually purchased from a manufacturer, such as terra cotta or cast iron
cresting, was more typical. Woodwork was
often also purchased from a supplier, but could
as easily be fabricated in a local millwork shop. es of how such ornam
Historic Styles
Historic Plan Types
Dog-Trot Planeeennnn
This is another Southern variation of the two room house. In this case, each room has its own chimney on the ou
The use of these often elevated and sheltered porches combined with louvered blinds for doors and windows, deve-loped because shade and breezes were especially important for comfort. The use
of stucco by those who could afford it contributed to a cooling effect.g effect... which provided additional elevation for the principal floor.
The use of these often elevated sheltered porches combined with louvered blinds for doors and windows, developed because shade and breezes were especially important for comfort. Similarly, the use of stucco by those who could afford it contributed to a cooling effect.
The Mississippi Regionouth
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re-scan pic a little narrower an
Historic Styles
Colonial Periodnn Northeast Region
re-scan pic a little narrower and lower
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French settlers developed a type of house design which spread throughout much of the lower south. This design used a hipped roof which encompassed a porch that often ran around all four sides of the house. Wherever
ny of these houses had basement levels above ground which provided additional elevation for the principal floor.
possible, many of these houses had base-ment levels above ground which provided additional elevation for the principal floor.
onal elevation for the principal floor.
round all four sides of the house. Where possible, many of these houses had basement levels above ground which provided additional elevation for the principal floor.
Late National Period Colonial Revival (1880-Present)1900))))))))))0))))))
colonialRevival
The principal difference between an 18th century American house and a late 19th
century Colonial Revival house was scale.
The symmetry, ornamentation and plan of a house from the earlier heroic past did not mean, however, that people should abandon new standards of comfort -- larger rooms, higher ceilings, bathrooms, closets, porches and large scale ornamentation were all added.
The most innovative architects, however, resisted slavish imitation of past designs. When the client was of like mind, highly original interpretations of historical styles were produced.
The symmetry, ornamentation and plan of a house from the earlier heroic past did not mean, however, that people should aban-don new standards of comfort -- larger rooms, higher ceilings, bathrooms, closets, porches and large scale ornamentation were all added.
The most innovative architects, however, resisted slavish imitation of past designs. When the client was of like mind, highly original interpretations of historical styles were produced.ced.
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Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Late National Period Colonial Revival (1880-Present)1900))))))))))0))))))
Since these early farmhouses were built by less wealthy individuals who could not afford clapboards and used shingle sheathing instead, the new designs made extensive use of shingles on the exteriors. These were often not a poor man's square cut shingle; the shingles were instead often cut in a variety of patterns and
used as ornamentation.
By the late 1880s, however, most architects were designing Shingle Style houses hard to distinguish from Colonial Revival houses; the lure of Georgian ornamentation proved too strong to resist. As with so many styles, pure examples are thus difficult to discern.... discern.
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Historic Styles
Categories of Houses
Late National Period Shingle Style (1880-1910)nt)nt)1900))))))))))0))))))
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The Prairie Style orginated in the work of one brilliant architect, Frank Lloyd Wright. His early work shows that his concepts of what we now call Prairie Style design originated in historical styles such as the Italian Renaissance. Wright developed concepts of residential design which, because of their emphasis on horizontality and freedom from historical motifs bor-rowed from Europe, suggested a style born of the American prairie.
Other architects of his generation, many of them brilliant in their own right, were inspired to work in this style.
It has been argued that the modern "ranch style" evolved from the Prairie Style. This comparison is superficial at best, for the true e of the Prairie Style is the freedom it allows a designer to develop ideas based on the specific requirements of the site and the needs of the client..he client..nd the needs of the client..ds of the client...the client.............eeds of the client.
brilliance of the Prairie Style is the freedom it allows a designer to develop ideas based on the specific requirements of the site and the needs of the client.Style is the freedom it allows a designer to develop ideas based on the specific requirements of the site and the needs of the client.S
caption
Historic Styles
Historic Stylesypes
Categories of Houses
Late National Period Prairie Style 0))))))
Late National Period Prairie Style 0))))))
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
International Period (1930-Present)
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In contrast, the International style rejected all ornamentation and proposed an "honest" use of materials, such as glass, steel and concrete. This style is a rejection of style: purely functional design
to meet the residential requirements of its occupant....nt.nt.
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In contrast, the International style rejected all ornamentation and proposed an "honest" use of materials, such as glass, steel and concrete. This style is a rejection of style: purely functional design
to meet the residential requirements of its occupant....nt.nt.
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Categories of Houses
shingle
Shingle Style (1880-1910)
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caption
oric Stylesypes
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Late National Period Shingle Style (1880-1910)nt)nt)1900))))))))))0))))))
This peculiarly American style is an offshoot of the Colonial Revival Style. A number of America's most imaginative architects, such as William R. Emerson and H. H. Richardson, rejected an up-dated imitation of Georgian architecture in favor
of New England vernacul-ar architecture of the Colonial period.
Instead of symmetry and extensive use of Georgian ornamentation, these architects sought inspiration from the simple, vernacular farm-houses of the period which were added on to over the years and consequently were rambling, asymmetrical structures. This in turn allowed for more open, freely developed floor plans.
hese early farmhouses were built by less wealthy individuals who could not afford clapboards and used shingle sheathing instead, the new designs made extensive use of shingles on the exteriors. Of course, these were often not a poor man's square cut shingle. Rather, the shingles were often cut in a variety of patterns and used as ornamentation. By the late 1880s, however, most architects were designing Shingle style houses that are hard to distinguish from Colonial Revival; the lure of Georgian ornamentation proved too strong to resist. As with so many styles, pure examples are thus difficult to discern...
Historic Styles
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Categories of Houses
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Late National Period Shingle Style (1880-1910)nt)nt)1900))))))))))0))))))
The Maya had already constructed and abandoned very sophisticated courtyard forms before the Spanish invaded Guatemala and Mexico. The social organization of the dwellings is not really known to us. The hybrid courtyard type which occupies the region today has its roots in both cultures. It is the detailing and roof forms which distinguish the courtyard dwellings of the rainforest from those of the desert.
Because computers can manipulate hyperspace, we will simply erase this interloper house from the sixties and insert a house site plan which respects the archi-tectural agreements of this street. Our point is that this new house could have a flat roof and be sided with stainless streel and still be a better neighbor than the ill-conceived house from the sixties which attempts to look like a cape.
Spatial and social patterns in a neighborhood should not be confused with architectural style.....
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